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What is InpharmD™?

Literature searching is tedious. InpharmD™ is here to help.

Clinical pharmacists can ask any question, anytime, from anywhere, and we’ll perform a custom literature search.

(And a 32% chance it’s already been asked.)


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This is how InpharmD™ transforms LITERATURE.

What's Being Asked...

Please send some peer-review (preferred) articles that demonstrate financial and clinical impacts of clinical pharmac...
Can you create a table of medications to avoid in myasthenia gravis patients with risk level for acute flares?
What data support the use of olaparib for the treatment of BRCA2 somatic positive small cell lung cancer?
What literature exists on reporting rates of medication errors and adverse drug reactions in a hospital and/or health...
What literature is there evaluating higher doses or continuous infusions of cefazolin for staphylococcus aureus bacte...

What would you like to ask InpharmD™?

InpharmD's Answer GPT's Answer

Author:Kevin Shin, PharmD, BCPS + InpharmD™ AI LEARN MORE 

There is an extensive body of ambulatory care literature evaluating the impact of clinical pharmacists providing comprehensive medication management (CMM) or medication therapy management (MTM), although reported economic and utilization outcomes are heterogeneous. Pharmacist-led medication review in ambulatory clinics is consistently associated with improved identification and resolution of drug-related problems, reductions in potentially inappropriate medications, and modest decreases in to...

A 2019 review evaluates health economics evidence based on 11 randomized controlled trials of pharmacist-led medication review in pharmacotherapy managed cardiovascular disease risk factors, specifically hypertension, type-2 diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia, in ambulatory settings. Among 5 US-based studies conducted from 2001 to 2016, pharmacist-led interventions primarily consisted of a medication review with adherence counseling and a face-to-face interview with patients during follow-ups. Economic evaluations included cost-effectiveness, third payer, societal, and cost-utility. All studies conducted in the US reported favorable outcomes in blood pressure improvements, life years gained, quality-adjusted life year (QALY), or refill adherence, with life year incremental costs from individual studies ranging from $49.73 per patient to $432.1 per patient. The corresponding incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was determined to be ​​$59.76 per QALY (one study), $1.66 per mmHg to $4...

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A search of the published medical literature revealed 23 studies investigating the researchable question:

Please send some peer-review (preferred) articles that demonstrate financial and clinical impacts of clinical pharmacists providing Comprehensive Medication Management (CMM) or medication therapy management (MTM) in ambulatory clinics.

Level of evidence
A - Multiple high-quality studies with consistent results  

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[1] Ahumada-Canale A, Quirland C, Martinez-Mardones FJ, Plaza-Plaza JC, Benrimoj S, Garcia-Cardenas V. Economic evaluations of pharmacist-led medication review in outpatients with hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidaemia: a systematic review. Eur J Health Econ. 2019;20(7):1103-1116. doi:10.1007/s10198-019-01080-z
[2] Viswanathan M, Kahwati LC, Golin CE, et al. Medication therapy management interventions in outpatient settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2015;175(1):76-87. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.5841
[3] Bou Malham C, El Khatib S, Cestac P, Andrieu S, Rouch L, Salameh P. Impact of pharmacist-led interventions on patient care in ambulatory care settings: A systematic review. Int J Clin Pract. 2021;75(11):e14864. doi:10.1111/ijcp.14864
[4] Kassis A, Moles R, Carter S. Stakeholders' perspectives and experiences of the pharmacist's role in deprescribing in ambulatory care: A qualitative meta-synthesis. Res Social Adm Pharm. 2024;20(8):697-712. doi:10.1016/j.sapharm.2024.04.014
[5] Hawes EM, Misita C, Burkhart JI, et al. Prescribing pharmacists in the ambulatory care setting: Experience at the University of North Carolina Medical Center. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2016;73(18):1425-1433. doi:10.2146/ajhp150771
[6] Shaya FT, Chirikov VV, Rochester C, Zaghab RW, Kucharski KC. Impact of a comprehensive pharmacist medication-therapy management service. Journal of Medical Economics. 2015;18(10):828-837. doi:10.3111/13696998.2015.1052463
[7] Heaton PC, Frede S, Kordahi A, et al. Improving care transitions through medication therapy management: A community partnership to reduce readmissions in multiple health-systems. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2019;59(3):319-328. doi:10.1016/j.japh.2019.01.005
[8] Budlong H, Brummel A, Rhodes A, Nici H. Impact of Comprehensive Medication Management on Hospital Readmission Rates. Popul Health Manag. 2018;21(5):395-400. doi:10.1089/pop.2017.0167
[9] Wright EA, Graham JH, Maeng D, et al. Reductions in 30-day readmission, mortality, and costs with inpatient-to-community pharmacist follow-up. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2019;59(2):178-186. doi:10.1016/j.japh.2018.11.005
[10] Gernant SA, Snyder ME, Jaynes H, Sutherland JM, Zillich AJ. The Effectiveness of Pharmacist-Provided Telephonic Medication Therapy Management on Emergency Department Utilization in Home Health Patients. J Pharm Technol. 2016;32(5):179-184. doi:10.1177/8755122516660376
[11] Hui RL, Yamada BD, Spence MM, Jeong EW, Chan J. Impact of a Medicare MTM program: evaluating clinical and economic outcomes. Am J Manag Care. 2014;20(2):e43-e51. Published 2014 Feb 1.
[12] El-Deyarbi M, Ahmed L, King J, et al. The effects of multifactorial pharmacist-led intervention protocol on medication optimisation and adherence among patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomised control trial. F1000Res. 2024;13:493. Published 2024 Sep 16. doi:10.12688/f1000research.146517.2
[13] Jay JS, Ijioma SC, Holdford DA, Dixon DL, Sisson EM, Patterson JA. The cost-effectiveness of pharmacist-physician collaborative care models vs usual care on time in target systolic blood pressure range in patients with hypertension: a payer perspective. J Manag Care Spec Pharm. 2021;27(12):1680-1690. doi:10.18553/jmcp.2021.27.12.1680
InpharmD's Answer GPT's Answer

Author:Naveed Aijaz, PharmD, BCPS + InpharmD™ AI LEARN MORE 

Several classes of medications have been implicated in causing de novo myasthenia gravis (MG), MG exacerbation, or MG-like symptoms (see Tables 1 and 2). However, for many of these, the probability of such effects is not explicitly defined, and sometimes ranges from probable to possible, necessitating monitoring if used.

Drugs that cause de novo myasthenia gravis (MG) do so primarily by disrupting immune homeostasis and promoting autoimmunity against components of the neuromuscular junction. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), including PD-1 inhibitors (pembrolizumab, nivolumab), PD-L1 inhibitors (avelumab, atezolizumab), and CTLA-4 inhibitors (ipilimumab), are the most clearly implicated agents. These drugs enhance T-cell activation by blocking inhibitory pathways that normally maintain self-tolerance, increasing the effector-to-regulatory T-cell ratio, stimulating B-cell activation, and promoting autoantibody production and proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-17. ICI-associated MG may occur de novo or as an exacerbation of pre-existing MG, with symptom onset typically within weeks of treatment initiation. It is frequently severe, often associated with respiratory failure, and may overlap with myositis and myocarditis, contributing to high morbidity and mortality. [1] Alemtuzumab, an anti-CD52...

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A search of the published medical literature revealed 2 studies investigating the researchable question:

What medications should be avoided in myasthenia gravis patients with risk level for acute flares?

Level of evidence
C - Multiple studies with limitations or conflicting results  

READ MORE→

[1] Sheikh S, Alvi U, Soliven B, Rezania K. Drugs That Induce or Cause Deterioration of Myasthenia Gravis: An Update. J Clin Med. 2021;10(7):1537. Published 2021 Apr 6. doi:10.3390/jcm10071537
InpharmD's Answer GPT's Answer

Author:AJ Carvajal, PharmD, BCPS + InpharmD™ AI LEARN MORE 

There is a lack of clinical evidence supporting the use of olaparib specifically for BRCA2 somatic-positive small cell lung cancer (SCLC). While early-phase trials show a biologic rationale for PARP inhibition and modest activity in unselected SCLC, no published data report outcomes specifically for BRCA2-mutated patients. The SUKSES-B trial included patients with BRCA2 mutations but reported only overall results for the homologous recombination-mutant cohort, showing limited single-agent act...

The latest National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) small cell lung cancer (SCLC) guidelines do not provide any recommendations for the use of olaparib or other poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors based on breast cancer gene 1 or 2 (BRCA1/2) germline or somatic mutations in SCLC. Available guideline summaries describe standard systemic therapy approaches (platinum-etoposide-based regimens, immunotherapy, lurbinectedin, topotecan, etc.) and do not list PARP inhibitors as recommended or biomarker-directed options for SCLC. [1] Published reviews describe a biologic rationale for PARP inhibition in SCLC), including high PARP1 expression and increased DNA damage response pathway activity, along with preclinical studies showing greater sensitivity to olaparib compared with other lung cancer subtypes; however, these findings are not specific to BRCA2-mutated disease. Early clinical trials of PARP inhibitors in SCLC have generally shown limited activity as monotherapy, in...

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A search of the published medical literature revealed 0 studies investigating the researchable question:

What data support the use of olaparib for the treatment of BRCA2 somatic positive small cell lung cancer?

Level of evidence
X - No data  

READ MORE→

[1] National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN). Small Cell Lung Cancer. Version 2.2026. Updated September 16, 2025. https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/sclc.pdf
[2] Barayan R, Ran X, Lok BH. PARP inhibitors for small cell lung cancer and their potential for integration into current treatment approaches. J Thorac Dis. 2020;12(10):6240-6252. doi:10.21037/jtd.2020.03.89
[3] Knelson EH, Patel SA, Sands JM. PARP Inhibitors in Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Rational Combinations to Improve Responses. Cancers (Basel). 2021;13(4):727. Published 2021 Feb 10. doi:10.3390/cancers13040727
[4] Clinicaltrials.gov. Olaparib Monotherapy in Relapsed Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients With HR Pathway Gene Mutations Not Limited to BRCA 1/​2 Mutations, ATM Deficiency or MRE11A Mutations (SUKSES-B; NCT03009682). Last updated February 18th, 2021. Accessed February 13th, 2026. https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03009682
[5] Park S, Kim YJ, Min YJ, et al. Biomarker-driven phase 2 umbrella trial: Clinical efficacy of olaparib monotherapy and combination with ceralasertib (AZD6738) in small cell lung cancer. Cancer. 2024;130(4):541-552. doi:10.1002/cncr.35059
[6] Woll P, Gaunt P, Danson S, et al. Olaparib as maintenance treatment in patients with chemosensitive small cell lung cancer (STOMP): A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase II trial. Lung Cancer. 2022;171:26-33. doi:10.1016/j.lungcan.2022.07.007
[7] Krebs MG, Delord JP, Jeffry Evans TR, et al. Olaparib and durvalumab in patients with relapsed small cell lung cancer (MEDIOLA): An open-label, multicenter, phase 1/2, basket study. Lung Cancer. 2023;180:107216. doi:10.1016/j.lungcan.2023.107216
[8] Farago AF, Yeap BY, Stanzione M, et al. Combination Olaparib and Temozolomide in Relapsed Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Cancer Discov. 2019;9(10):1372-1387. doi:10.1158/2159-8290.CD-19-0582

InpharmD's Answer GPT's Answer

Author:azkaa@inpharmd.com, PharmD, BCPS + InpharmD™ AI LEARN MORE 

Data regarding reporting rates of medication errors and adverse drug reactions is scattered and appears to lack standardization. Literature suggests there is considerable variation in reporting based on clinician type, shifts, and individual experiences. Rates are also likely to vary significantly by hospital system and protocols, limiting the availability of generalizable data.

The 2025 report by the Office of Inspector General (OIG), detailed under reference OEI-06-18-00401, evaluated whether hospitals effectively captured patient harm events among hospitalized Medicare patients, significantly impacting healthcare quality and safety insights. According to this analysis, hospitals failed to capture nearly half of such harm events in their incident reporting or other surveillance systems. Specifically, it was noted that 49 percent of harm events during a sample period in October 2018 were not documented, despite being identified through comprehensive medical record reviews. This gap in reporting was attributed to several factors, including narrow definitions of what constitutes harm, non-standard practice to report specific types of harm, difficulties in distinguishing harm from underlying disease, and events occurring post-discharge. Furthermore, the report highlighted that among the harm events hospitals did capture, only a small fraction were investigate...

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A search of the published medical literature revealed 0 studies investigating the researchable question:

What literature exists on reporting rates of medication errors and adverse drug reactions in a hospital and/or health system?

READ MORE→

[1] Department of Health and Human Services. Hospitals Did Not Capture Half of Patient Harm Events, Limiting Information Needed to Make Care Safer. Updated July 2025. Accessed February 13, 2026. https://oig.hhs.gov/reports/all/2025/hospitals-did-not-capture-half-of-patient-harm-events-limiting-information-needed-to-make-care-safer/
[2] Laatikainen O, Sneck S, Turpeinen M. Medication-related adverse events in health care-what have we learned? A narrative overview of the current knowledge. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2022;78(2):159-170. doi:10.1007/s00228-021-03213-x
[3] Li L, Badgery-Parker T, Merchant A, et al. Paediatric medication incident reporting: a multicentre comparison study of medication errors identified at audit, detected by staff and reported to an incident system. BMJ Qual Saf. 2024;33(10):624-633. doi:10.1136/bmjqs-2023-016711.
[4] Manias E, Street M, Lowe G, Low JK, Gray K, Botti M. Associations of person-related, environment-related and communication-related factors on medication errors in public and private hospitals: a retrospective clinical audit. BMC Health Serv Res. 2021;21(1):1025. Published 2021 Sep 28. doi:10.1186/s12913-021-07033-8
[5] Cosgrave N, Frydenlund J, Beirne F, et al. Hospital admissions due to adverse drug reactions and adverse drug events in older adults: a systematic review. Age Ageing. 2025;54(8):afaf231. doi:10.1093/ageing/afaf231

InpharmD's Answer GPT's Answer

Author:Muna Said, PharmD, BCPS + InpharmD™ AI LEARN MORE 

Two case reports demonstrate the successful use of high-dose continuous infusion (CI) cefazolin (10 g daily) for treating serious MSSA infections, including recurrent pneumonia and ventriculitis, where standard doses were initially insufficient. While meta-analyses suggest CI of beta-lactams may offer clinical benefits like reduced hospital mortality, their findings are not specific to cefazolin or S. aureus infections. These reports, alongside a study confirming the need for dose adjustment ...

A 2016 meta-analysis compared clinical outcomes of patients treated with continuous versus intermittent infusion of beta-lactam antibiotics. Three randomized controlled trials with a total of 632 patients having severe sepsis were included for analysis. Rates of hospital mortality and clinical cure were improved in patients receiving continuous versus intermittent infusion (hospital mortality: 19.6% vs. 26.3%, relative risk [RR] 0.74, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.56 to 1, p= 0.045; clinical cure: 55.4% vs. 46.3%, RR 1.2, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.4, p= 0.021). Additionally, continuous infusion of beta-lactam therapy was significantly associated with reduced odds of hospital mortality censored at 30 days in a multivariate analysis (odds ratio 0.62, 95% CI 0.41 to 0.94, p= 0.03). The authors concluded administration of beta-lactam antibiotics by continuous infusion in critically ill patients with severe sepsis is associated with decreased hospital mortality compared to intermittent dosing. O...

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A search of the published medical literature revealed 4 studies investigating the researchable question:

What literature is there evaluating higher doses or continuous infusions of cefazolin for staphylococcus aureus bacteremia?

Level of evidence
C - Multiple studies with limitations or conflicting results  

READ MORE→

[1] Roberts JA, Abdul-Aziz MH, Davis JS, et al. Continuous versus Intermittent β-Lactam Infusion in Severe Sepsis. A Meta-analysis of Individual Patient Data from Randomized Trials. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2016;194(6):681-691. doi:10.1164/rccm.201601-0024OC
[2] Tejada DA, García HC, Tomás-Alvarado E, Yangali-Vicente J, Rivera-Lozada O, Barboza JJ. Continuous versus intermittent infusion of β-lactams in patients with sepsis and septic shock: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis. 2025;25(1):1138. Published 2025 Sep 26. doi:10.1186/s12879-025-11504-2

Why choose InpharmD™?

Find answers, not documents.

Before InpharmD™


BeforeTime
Your team spends hours per week cobbling together literature from different studies, many behind paywalls, leaving little time for action.
BeforeTime
TI opportunities are discovered (or presented by third parties) months after the fact, resulting in costly missed savings.
BeforeTime
Decisions may be made without a complete picture, or pushed out while gathering consensus.

After InpharmD™


BeforeTime
InpharmD™ delivers customized, actionable drug information in real time, so you can focus on execution.
BeforeTime
Your team stays informed immediately when new data emerges or prices change, and you’ll always be the first to know when any changes impact your formulary.
BeforeTime
With InpharmD™, your team can make faster, more informed decisions and move forward with confidence.

What Clinical Pharmacists Are Saying...


     

Assists in our research and is a great way or us to get an answer to a medical question without spending an average of 2 hours researching UptoDate or PubMed ourselves.


—   Jordan C., PharmD, New Jersey

     

Huge time saver with thorough responses.


—   Jane D., PharmD, Georgia

     

I’d never heard of a DI pharmacist before, now I have one. In. My. Pocket. Amazing!


     

Holy Shhh. Cow! Holy Cow! These summaries are beautiful.


—   Jane D., PharmD, Georgia

     

I just want to say: This is such a brilliant idea! You people are genius.


     

OH MY GOD WHERE HAVE YOU BEEN ALL MY LIFE!


     

I can’t tell you how much time I spend literature searching. And how I CANNOT STAND PAYWALLS. THIS IS UNBELIEVABLE!! (covers face for sec) thank you, thank you, thank you!


     

So they’re basically connecting academic researchers with front line providers and then automating everything. It’s simply brilliant.


     

The clinical pharmacist was our secret weapon anyway. (Smiles wryly) This pharmacist AI seems superhuman. I’m just blown away, honestly. (Looks at camera somberly.)


     

It’s an ENTIRE DI DEPARTMENT, that lives in Epic. Give me a second. I’m just having a hard time wrapping my head around that.


     

Sorry just give me a second, my mind is blown.


     

Stop reading and just download the app already! I’ve tried all of them. This is by far the most advanced, best-in-class.


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