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What is InpharmD™?

Literature searching is tedious. InpharmD™ is here to help.

Clinical pharmacists can ask any question, anytime, from anywhere, and we’ll perform a custom literature search.

(And a 32% chance it’s already been asked.)


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This is how InpharmD™ transforms LITERATURE.

What's Being Asked...

Please review the efficacy and safety of the Adalimumab and Adalimumab biosimilars.
I would like to create a comparative dose-equivalency table for sedative effect across agents/classes. What literatur...
Please summarize any standards that The Joint Commission has surrounding IV tubing labeling.
What is the available evidence for Ketamine PCA use for pain management? Focus on postoperative pain management prot...
Is there literature comparing rilonacept to anakinra in the management of pericarditis?

What would you like to ask InpharmD™?

InpharmD's Answer GPT's Answer

Author:Muna Said, PharmD, BCPS + InpharmD™ AI LEARN MORE 

Adalimumab biosimilars demonstrate efficacy comparable to reference adalimumab (Humira) across multiple immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, with consistent maintenance of disease control in both clinical trials and real-world settings. Safety profiles are also aligned, with similar rates of adverse events and serious infections, and no new safety signals identified. Immunogenicity findings are likewise comparable, with similar anti-drug antibody rates and no consistent impact on clinical o...

Across major evidence-based treatment guidelines covering various Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved indications, adalimumab is generally addressed at the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitor or biologic class level, with recommendations focused on biologic classes rather than individual branded products. Within these guidelines, reference adalimumab and biosimilars are not given separate recommendations or differentiated treatment pathways. [1-10] A 2025 comprehensive literature review synthesizing controlled trials and real-world evidence evaluated the efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of SDZ-ADL (Sandoz adalimumab biosimilar, Hyrimoz®/GP2017) in biologic-naïve and biologic-experienced patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. A structured literature search (up to July 2023) identified 15 peer-reviewed studies and 6 congress abstracts for inclusion (see Table 3), encompassing 923 patients from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and over 2800 patients f...

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A search of the published medical literature revealed 3 studies investigating the researchable question:

Please review the efficacy and safety of the Adalimumab and Adalimumab biosimilars.

Level of evidence
B - One high-quality study or multiple studies with limitations  

READ MORE→

[1] Fraenkel L, Bathon JM, England BR, et al. 2021 American College of Rheumatology Guideline for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2021;73(7):1108-1123. doi:10.1002/art.41752
[2] Smolen JS, Landewé R, Bijlsma J, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis with synthetic and biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: 2016 update. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;76(6):960-977. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-210715
[3] Singh JA, Guyatt G, Ogdie A, et al. Special Article: 2018 American College of Rheumatology/National Psoriasis Foundation Guideline for the Treatment of Psoriatic Arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2019;71(1):5-32. doi:10.1002/art.40726
[4] Ward MM, Deodhar A, Gensler LS, et al. 2019 Update of the American College of Rheumatology/Spondylitis Association of America/Spondyloarthritis Research and Treatment Network Recommendations for the Treatment of Ankylosing Spondylitis and Nonradiographic Axial Spondyloarthritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2019;71(10):1285-1299. doi:10.1002/acr.24025
[5] Elmets CA, Korman NJ, Prater EF, et al. Joint AAD-NPF Guidelines of care for the management and treatment of psoriasis with topical therapy and alternative medicine modalities for psoriasis severity measures. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2021;84(2):432-470. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2020.07.087
[6] Zouboulis CC, Desai N, Emtestam L, et al. European S1 guideline for the treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa/acne inversa. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2015;29(4):619-644. doi:10.1111/jdv.12966
[7] Lichtenstein GR, Loftus EV, Isaacs KL, Regueiro MD, Gerson LB, Sands BE. ACG Clinical Guideline: Management of Crohn's Disease in Adults. Am J Gastroenterol. 2018;113(4):481-517. doi:10.1038/ajg.2018.27
[8] Rubin DT, Ananthakrishnan AN, Siegel CA, Sauer BG, Long MD. ACG Clinical Guideline: Ulcerative Colitis in Adults. Am J Gastroenterol. 2019;114(3):384-413. doi:10.14309/ajg.0000000000000152
[9] Onel KB, Horton DB, Lovell DJ, et al. 2021 American College of Rheumatology Guideline for the Treatment of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: Therapeutic Approaches for Oligoarthritis, Temporomandibular Joint Arthritis, and Systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2022;74(4):521-537. doi:10.1002/acr.24853
[10] Alikhan A, Sayed C, Alavi A, et al. North American clinical management guidelines for hidradenitis suppurativa: A publication from the United States and Canadian Hidradenitis Suppurativa Foundations: Part II: Topical, intralesional, and systemic medical management. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2019;81(1):91-101. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2019.02.068
[11] Wiland P, Both C, Gaylis NB, Cohen RD, Halfvarson J, Lemke L, von Richter O, Blauvelt A. Efficacy, Safety, and Immunogenicity of SDZ-ADL, an Adalimumab Biosimilar, in Biologic-Naïve and Switched Patients with Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases: A Literature Review. Adv Ther. 2025 Mar;42(3):1360-1392. doi: 10.1007/s12325-024-03098-z.
[12] Li C, Sunhe Y, Zhou H, Dong W. Efficacy and safety evaluations of adalimumab biosimilars in the treatment of psoriasis. J Dermatolog Treat. 2023 Dec;34(1):2249145. doi: 10.1080/09546634.2023.2249145.
[13] Yiu CH, Or CH, Almutairi K, Raubenheimer J, Day RO, Lu CY. Comparative efficacy, safety and immunogenicity of biosimilars and their reference biologic drugs in ankylosing spondylitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2025;25(7):761-771. doi:10.1080/14712598.2025.2512126
[14] Huizinga TWJ, Torii Y, Muniz R. Adalimumab Biosimilars in the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Systematic Review of the Evidence for Biosimilarity. Rheumatol Ther. 2021;8(1):41-61. doi:10.1007/s40744-020-00259-8
[15] Lu X, Hu R, Peng L, Liu M, Sun Z. Efficacy and Safety of Adalimumab Biosimilars: Current Critical Clinical Data in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Front Immunol. 2021;12:638444. Published 2021 Apr 6. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.638444
[16] Zhao S, Chadwick L, Mysler E, Moots RJ. Review of Biosimilar Trials and Data on Adalimumab in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2018 Aug 9;20(10):57. doi: 10.1007/s11926-018-0769-6.
[17] Ascef BO, Almeida MO, Medeiros-Ribeiro AC, Oliveira de Andrade DC, Oliveira Junior HA, de Soárez PC. Therapeutic Equivalence of Biosimilar and Reference Biologic Drugs in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(5):e2315872. Published 2023 May 1. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.15872
InpharmD's Answer GPT's Answer

Author:zophia@inpharmd.com, PharmD, BCPS + InpharmD™ AI LEARN MORE 

Based on our literature search, comparative data for sedatives and their therapeutic effects appears to be scattered and insufficient to provide an accurate and definitive yet broad comparison between agents and classes. Accordingly, due to the scattered data, exact dose equivalency was not unsupported by the available literature. Still, while utilizing applicable references, a table was created to compile any available comparative data between sedatives based on various sedation scales, incl...

The 2013 Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Pain, Agitation, and Delirium (and subsequently, the 2018 Pain, Agitation/Sedation, Delirium, Immobility, and Sleep Disturbances guidelines) established a target light sedation goal for most adult ICU patients, defined as a Richmond-Agitation Sedation Scale (RASS) score of 0 to -2 or a Sedation Agitation Scale (SAS) score of 3 to 4. Targeting lighter sedation levels has been linked to improved clinical outcomes (e.g., shorter duration of mechanical ventilation and shorter ICU length of stay). For light sedation, non-benzodiazepine sedatives (e.g., propofol, dexmedetomidine) are recommended over benzodiazepines given the deliriogenic potential of continuous benzodiazepine infusions, but mention of exact effective doses is not provided. The guidelines provide loading and maintenance doses for these sedative agents (Table 2) but fail to provide equivalent dosing recommendations to achieve target sedation levels because this is...

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A search of the published medical literature revealed 6 studies investigating the researchable question:

Please create a comparative dose-equivalency table for sedative effect across agents and classes for common ICU sedatives in mechanically ventilated patients.

Level of evidence
C - Multiple studies with limitations or conflicting results  

READ MORE→

[1] Barr J, Fraser GL, Puntillo K, et al; American College of Critical Care Medicine. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of pain, agitation, and delirium in adult patients in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med. 2013 Jan;41(1):263-306. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3182783b72
[2] Devlin JW, Skrobik Y, Gélinas C, et al. Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Management of Pain, Agitation/Sedation, Delirium, Immobility, and Sleep Disruption in Adult Patients in the ICU. Crit Care Med. 2018 Sep;46(9):e825-e873. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000003299
InpharmD's Answer GPT's Answer

Author:Muna Said, PharmD, BCPS + InpharmD™ AI LEARN MORE 

The Joint Commission’s National Performance Goals and National Patient Safety Goals provides standards that hospitals have to adhere to with regards to labeling medications, medication containers and other solutions but no direct guidance on IV tubing. In the sentinel report published in 2014, they recommend labeling of tubing at both distal (near the patient connection) and proximal (near the source container) when there are different access sites or several bags hanging to mitigate against ...

The Joint Commission's National Performance Goals (NPG) for the Hospital Program, effective January 2026, is the accreditation standards document that replaces the former National Patient Safety Goals and outlines the performance expectations hospitals must meet to maintain Joint Commission accreditation. Within this document, NPG.14.03.01 falls under Goal 14 (medication management) and addresses the labeling of medications, containers, and solutions in procedural settings. The standard requires hospitals to label all medications, medication containers, and other solutions on and off the sterile field in perioperative and other procedural settings. "Medication containers" explicitly include syringes, medicine cups, and basins.The standard has five elements of performance. EP 1 requires labeling any medication or solution that is not immediately administered which applies even when only a single medication is in use. An "immediately administered" medication is defined as one that a q...

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A search of the published medical literature revealed 0 studies investigating the researchable question:

Please summarize any standards that The Joint Commission has surrounding IV tubing labeling.

READ MORE→

[1] The Joint Commission. National Performance Goals™ effective January 2026 for the hospital program. Published September 26, 2025.
[2] The Joint Commission. Comprehensive Accreditation Manual for Hospitals: National Patient Safety Goals effective January 2024. Published 2023.
[3] Managing risk during transition to new ISO tubing connector standards. Sentinel Event Alert. 2014;(53):1-6.
InpharmD's Answer GPT's Answer

Author:Tai Huynh, PharmD, BCPS + InpharmD™ AI LEARN MORE 

Evidence demonstrating the use of ketamine PCA for postoperative pain management is somewhat mixed, and direct comparisons between studies are challenging due to heterogeneity in study methodologies, dosing, and clinical settings. Pooled analyses have found addition of ketamine to opioid-based PCA to result in reduced pain intensity, opioid consumption, and some adverse effects (e.g., PONV). Notably, other data suggest conflicting outcomes, including no difference in pain reduction. Still, ev...

A 2018 consensus guideline published by the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, the American Academy of Pain Medicine, and the American Society of Anesthesiologists addressed use of intravenous (IV) ketamine infusions for acute pain management. Specific to patient controlled IV ketamine analgesia (IV-PCA) in acute medical and postoperative pain settings, the Panel concluded that evidence is limited regarding benefit when IV-PCA delivered ketamine is used as the sole analgesic (grade C recommendation, low certainty of evidence). Conversely, the Panel concluded that moderate evidence supports the benefit of the addition of ketamine to an opioid-based IV-PCA protocol for acute and perioperative pain management (grade B recommendation, moderate level of certainty). Evidence to support these recommendations is limited to that which was published prior to 2018; in this context, use of ketamine as a sole IV-PCA analgesic was limited to a single case report, pediatric...

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A search of the published medical literature revealed 3 studies investigating the researchable question:

What is the evidence demonstrating the use of ketamine PCA for postoperative pain management?

Level of evidence
C - Multiple studies with limitations or conflicting results  

READ MORE→

[1] Schwenk ES, Viscusi ER, Buvanendran A, et al. Consensus Guidelines on the Use of Intravenous Ketamine Infusions for Acute Pain Management From the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, the American Academy of Pain Medicine, and the American Society of Anesthesiologists. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2018;43(5):456-466. doi:10.1097/AAP.0000000000000806
[2] Assouline B, Tramèr MR, Kreienbühl L, Elia N. Benefit and harm of adding ketamine to an opioid in a patient-controlled analgesia device for the control of postoperative pain: systematic review and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials with trial sequential analyses. Pain. 2016;157(12):2854-2864. doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000705
[3] Wang L, Johnston B, Kaushal A, Cheng D, Zhu F, Martin J. Ketamine added to morphine or hydromorphone patient-controlled analgesia for acute postoperative pain in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Can J Anaesth. 2016;63(3):311-325. doi:10.1007/s12630-015-0551-4
[4] Carstensen M, Møller AM. Adding ketamine to morphine for intravenous patient-controlled analgesia for acute postoperative pain: a qualitative review of randomized trials. Br J Anaesth. 2010;104(4):401-406. doi:10.1093/bja/aeq041
[5] Mathews TJ, Churchhouse AM, Housden T, Dunning J. Does adding ketamine to morphine patient-controlled analgesia safely improve post-thoracotomy pain?. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2012;14(2):194-199. doi:10.1093/icvts/ivr081
InpharmD's Answer GPT's Answer

Author:Naveed Aijaz, PharmD, BCPS + InpharmD™ AI LEARN MORE 

There is currently no head-to-head randomized controlled trial comparing rilonacept and anakinra in the management of pericarditis. However, both agents have independently demonstrated significant efficacy in reducing recurrence rates in patients with corticosteroids-dependent or colchicine-resistant disease, supporting the role of IL-1 inhibition as a key therapeutic strategy. Rilonacept, as shown in the RHAPSODY trial, produced a marked reduction in recurrence risk (7% vs. 74% with placebo;...

The 2022 European Heart Journal review offers a comprehensive overview of the application of anti-interleukin-1 (IL-1) agents in the management of recurrent pericarditis. The review discusses three primary anti-IL-1 agents—anakinra, rilonacept, and canakinumab—emphasizing their mechanisms and therapeutic roles. Anakinra, a recombinant human IL-1 receptor antagonist, and rilonacept, a fusion protein that acts as a soluble decoy receptor for IL-1a and IL-1b, have demonstrated significant efficacy and safety in patients who are corticosteroid-dependent and colchicine-resistant. Through randomized controlled trials and observational studies, these agents have significantly reduced the incidence of pericarditis recurrences, with minimal severe side effects and common adverse events like injection site reactions being well-tolerated by patients. The paper outlines the historical progression and clinical trials that have validated the use of anti-IL-1 agents, particularly focusing on anaki...

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A search of the published medical literature revealed 3 studies investigating the researchable question:

Is there literature comparing rilonacept to anakinra in the management of pericarditis?

Level of evidence
C - Multiple studies with limitations or conflicting results  

READ MORE→

[1] Imazio M, Lazaros G, Gattorno M, et al. Anti-interleukin-1 agents for pericarditis: a primer for cardiologists. Eur Heart J. 2022;43(31):2946-2957. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehab452
[2] Affas ZR, Rasool BQ Sr, Sebastian SA, et al. Rilonacept and Anakinra in Recurrent Pericarditis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cureus. 2022;14(11):e31226. Published 2022 Nov 8. doi:10.7759/cureus.31226
[3] Bizzi E, Trotta L, Pancrazi M, et al. Autoimmune and Autoinflammatory Pericarditis: Definitions and New Treatments. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2021;23(9):128. Published 2021 Jul 28. doi:10.1007/s11886-021-01549-5
[4] Vlachakis PK, Theofilis P, Soulaidopoulos S, Lazarou E, Tsioufis K, Lazaros G. Clinical Utility of Rilonacept for the Treatment of Recurrent Pericarditis: Design, Development, and Place in Therapy. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2024;18:3939-3950. Published 2024 Sep 4. doi:10.2147/DDDT.S261119
[5] Anthony CM, Chetrit M, Klein AL. IL-1 trap rilonacept for recurrent pericarditis: RHAPSODY study. American College of Cardiology. Published February 24, 2021.

Why choose InpharmD™?

Find answers, not documents.

Before InpharmD™


BeforeTime
Your team spends hours per week cobbling together literature from different studies, many behind paywalls, leaving little time for action.
BeforeTime
TI opportunities are discovered (or presented by third parties) months after the fact, resulting in costly missed savings.
BeforeTime
Decisions may be made without a complete picture, or pushed out while gathering consensus.

After InpharmD™


BeforeTime
InpharmD™ delivers customized, actionable drug information in real time, so you can focus on execution.
BeforeTime
Your team stays informed immediately when new data emerges or prices change, and you’ll always be the first to know when any changes impact your formulary.
BeforeTime
With InpharmD™, your team can make faster, more informed decisions and move forward with confidence.

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