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What is InpharmD™?


Literature searching is tedious. InpharmD™ is here to help.

Clinical pharmacists can ask any question, anytime, from anywhere, and we’ll perform a custom literature search.

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This is how InpharmD™ transforms LITERATURE.

What's Being Asked...

What data exists to support aminocaproic acid or tranexamic acid given intravesically for hematuria?
Can linezolid be used as an alternative for Listeria meningitis?
Looking for clinical & indication differences between triptorelin and leuprolide
What clinical evidence is there when comparing ceftriaxone 2 g every 24 hours and ceftriaxone 1g IV every 12 hours in...
Is there data to support greater efficacy of long-acting naltrexone injectable compared to oral naltrexone in patient...

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InpharmD's Answer GPT's Answer

Author:AJ Carvajal, PharmD, BCPS + InpharmD™ AI

INTRODUCTION BY INPHARMD™ RESEARCHER

Available data evaluating the use of intravesical epsilon aminocaproic acid (EACA) or tranexamic acid (TXA) for hematuria is scarce. One case series evaluating intravesical instillation of EACA reported improvements in hematuria, but noted lack of replication in recent studies. Additionally, a randomized controlled trial (RCT) assessing intravesical EACA for post-transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) bleeding found no significant difference in blood loss between EACA and placebo. In ...

A 2019 Best Practice Report by Canadian Urological Association performed a comprehensive narrative synthesis on the diagnosis and management of radiation-induced hemorrhagic cystitis, with specific emphasis on treatment options, clinical outcomes, and grading of evidence. The panel states that several intravesical options have been trialed in limited case series, but require replication, etiology-specific assessment, or comparative data before they can be formally included as recommendations. Intravesical instillation of epsilon aminocaproic acid (EACA), was evaluated in a case series from 1992 involving 37 patients with intractable bladder hemorrhage. The study reported improvement in hematuria in 34 of these patients, the majority of whom suffered from cystitis induced by radiation or cyclophosphamide treatment. Despite these promising results, similar studies have not been replicated in recent years to confirm the efficacy of EACA for this condition. Available review articles not...

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A search of the published medical literature revealed 2 studies investigating the researchable question:

What data exists to support aminocaproic acid or tranexamic acid given intravesically for hematuria?

Level of evidence
C - Multiple studies with limitations or conflicting results  

READ MORE→

[1] Goucher G, Saad F, Lukka H, Kapoor A. Canadian Urological Association Best Practice Report: Diagnosis and management of radiation-induced hemorrhagic cystitis. Can Urol Assoc J. 2019;13(2):15-23. doi:10.5489/cuaj.5788
[2] Abramowitz DJ, Warner JN. Clinical management of radiation cystitis: a narrative review. AME Med J. 2021;6:8-8.
[3] Singh I, Laungani GB. Intravesical epsilon aminocaproic acid in management of intractable bladder hemorrhage. Urology. 1992;40(3):227-229. doi:10.1016/0090-4295(92)90479-g

InpharmD's Answer GPT's Answer

Author:Neil Patel, PharmD, BCPS + InpharmD™ AI

INTRODUCTION BY INPHARMD™ RESEARCHER

Data to support the use of linezolid as an alternative treatment option for Listeria meningitis is primarily limited to case reports. Linezolid often results in successful treatment in available reports, but is often combined with other agents such as a carbapenem, ceftriaxone, rifampin, gentamicin, or penicillin. In general, linezolid appears to result in adequate in vitro activity against Listeria monocytogenes and adequate cerebrospinal fluid concentrations, making it a useful alternative ...

A clinical review discussing the treatment of listeriosis, including meningitis and bacteremia, notes that linezolid is an oxazolidinone reporting in vitro activity against Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes). Linezolid also results in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and intracellular concentrations that are adequate for the treatment of neurolisteriosis, as identified by animal models. When allergy to both penicillin and cotrimoxazole became of concern, a linezolid-rifampin combination was successfully administered to a patient with brain abscess sustained by L. monocytogenes without any hematological toxicity after 107 consecutive days of treatment. It is suggested that linezolid offers a number of advantages in the empiric treatment of meningitis due to its favourable penetration of CSF and the absence of bacteriolytic effect on S. pneumoniae, which has been observed in various case series highlighting its use as rescue therapy of pneumococcal meningitis. Despite the promising us...

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A search of the published medical literature revealed 5 studies investigating the researchable question:

Can linezolid be used as an alternative for Listeria meningitis?

Level of evidence
D - Case reports or unreliable data  

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[1] Pagliano P, Arslan F, Ascione T. Epidemiology and treatment of the commonest form of listeriosis: meningitis and bacteraemia. Infez Med. 2017;25(3):210-216.
[2] Nau R, Djukic M, Spreer A, Ribes S, Eiffert H. Bacterial meningitis: an update of new treatment options. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2015;13(11):1401-1423. doi:10.1586/14787210.2015.1077700

InpharmD's Answer GPT's Answer

Author:Neil Patel, PharmD, BCPS + InpharmD™ AI

INTRODUCTION BY INPHARMD™ RESEARCHER

Triptorelin and leuprolide are both gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists approved for the treatment of prostate cancer and central precocious puberty (CPP). Evidence from prostate cancer studies demonstrates that both agents are equally effective in testosterone suppression, with no definitive advantage of one over the other (see Tables 1-2). In the management of CPP, both drugs show comparable efficacy in luteinizing hormone (LH) suppression and in preventing bone age advancements ...

Leuprolide, goserelin, and triptorelin are luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) agonists used for the treatment of prostate cancer. The latest National Comprehensive Care Network (NCCN) guidelines for prostate cancer list the three agents as an option for androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), which includes localized and regional disease states along with castrate-sensitive metastatic cancer. A formal comparison between the three agents was not provided by the guidelines. [1] A 2022 systematic review investigated the comparative efficacy and safety between different gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists, including triptorelin, leuprolide, and goserelin, for prostate cancer. Overall, the findings suggest a similar safety and efficacy profile between the GnRH agonists, with goserelin being the most studied. Various intensities of castration suppression based on T levels were explored. Overall, 90%-100% of investigated patients are reported to have T level suppression...

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A search of the published medical literature revealed 4 studies investigating the researchable question:

What are the clinical and indication differences between triptorelin and leuprolide?

Level of evidence
B - One high-quality study or multiple studies with limitations  

READ MORE→

[1] National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Prostate Cancer. Version 2.2025. Updated April 16, 2025. Accessed May 14, 2025. https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/prostate.pdf
[2] Raja T, Sud R, Addla S, et al. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists in prostate cancer: A comparative review of efficacy and safety. Indian J Cancer. 2022;59(Supplement):S142-S159. doi:10.4103/ijc.IJC_65_21
[3] Bolton EM, Lynch T. Are all gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonists equivalent for the treatment of prostate cancer? A systematic review. BJU Int. 2018;122(3):371-383. doi:10.1111/bju.14...

InpharmD's Answer GPT's Answer

Author:Naveed Aijaz, PharmD, BCPS + InpharmD™ AI

INTRODUCTION BY INPHARMD™ RESEARCHER

Limited clinical evidence comparing ceftriaxone 2 g every 24 hours and 1 g every 12 hours shows mixed results depending on the infection type. For community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), no significant efficacy or safety differences were found, though 1 g every 12 hours may have fewer side effects. In mild-to-moderate aspiration pneumonia, 2 g once daily improved early clinical responses and reduced inflammation while limiting adverse events. For pediatric bacterial meningitis, a 100 mg/kg once-d...

A 2024 population pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis developed a serum–cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) model to assess the distribution, penetration, and pharmacodynamic performance of once- or twice-daily ceftriaxone in children treated empirically for bacterial meningitis. The investigators prospectively obtained 103 samples (16 serum and 87 CSF) from 98 pediatric patients aged between 0.1 and 18.5 years at a tertiary referral hospital. Inclusion was limited to opportunistically collected remnant clinical samples. Using the developed model, ceftriaxone regimens of 100 mg/kg once daily (OD) and 50 mg/kg twice daily (BD) were simulated in 1000 virtual pediatric patients to compare CSF pharmacodynamic target attainment (PTA) across time. For susceptible pathogens with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 1 mg/L, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae, the once-daily regimen achieved superior early target attainment, with an 88% PTA from 2.5 to 24 hours post-initiatio...

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A search of the published medical literature revealed 2 studies investigating the researchable question:

What clinical evidence is there when comparing ceftriaxone 2 g every 24 hours and ceftriaxone 1g IV every 12 hours in patients with bacterial infections such as pneumonia, or skin and soft tissue infections

Level of evidence
C - Multiple studies with limitations or conflicting results  

READ MORE→

[1] Boast A, Zhang W, Soeorg H, et al. Population pharmacokinetic modeling of ceftriaxone in cerebrospinal fluid in children: should we be using once- or twice-daily dosing for meningitis?. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2024;68(11):e0074724. doi:10.1128/aac.00747-24

InpharmD's Answer GPT's Answer

Author:Muna Said, PharmD, BCPS + InpharmD™ AI

INTRODUCTION BY INPHARMD™ RESEARCHER

Direct comparative data on the efficacy of long-acting injectable (LAI) versus oral naltrexone are limited. In alcohol use disorder, evidence suggests comparable efficacy between the two formulations, with some findings indicating superior three-month treatment retention and increased time to relapse with the LAI formulation. However, one study reported lower healthcare utilization with oral naltrexone, implying that LAI may not offer clear advantages to justify its higher cost (see Table 1)....

A 2022 meta-analysis sought to gauge the impact of extended-release injectable naltrexone, in comparison to a placebo, on alcohol consumption among patients dealing with alcohol use disorder (AUD). The analysis incorporated seven trials involving 1,500 adults with AUD who received monthly injections of either placebo or extended-release naltrexone at doses ranging from 150 to 400 mg for 2 to 6 months. These trials were conducted in outpatient clinic settings in the United States or Europe, including specialized alcohol/substance use clinics and HIV clinics. Generally, participants were treatment-seeking adult males or non-pregnant, non-lactating females with moderate to severe alcohol use, assessed through validated tools, and a minimum of one weekly episode of heavy drinking. The analysis measured the pooled weighted mean difference (WMD) in drinking days per month and heavy drinking days per month. [1] The WMD favored extended-release naltrexone, showing -2.0 (95% confidence in...

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A search of the published medical literature revealed 2 studies investigating the researchable question:

Is there data to support greater efficacy of long-acting naltrexone injectable compared to oral naltrexone in patients with opioid use and/or alcohol use disorder?

Level of evidence
B - One high-quality study or multiple studies with limitations  

READ MORE→

[1] Murphy CE 4th, Wang RC, Montoy JC, Whittaker E, Raven M. Effect of extended-release naltrexone on alcohol consumption: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Addiction. 2022;117(2):271-281. doi:10.1111/add.15572
[2] Magane KM, Dukes KA, Fielman S, et al. Oral vs Extended-Release Injectable Naltrexone for Hospitalized Patients With Alcohol Use Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Intern Med. Published online April 21, 2025. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2025.0522
[3] Malone M, McDonald R, Vittitow A, et al. Extended-release vs. oral naltrexone for alcohol dependence treatment in pri...

Find answers, not documents.

Before InpharmD™


BeforeTime
Your team spends hours per week cobbling together literature from different studies, many behind paywalls, leaving little time for action.
BeforeTime
TI opportunities are discovered (or presented by third parties) months after the fact, resulting in costly missed savings.
BeforeTime
Decisions may be made without a complete picture, or pushed out while gathering consensus.

After InpharmD™


BeforeTime
InpharmD™ delivers customized, actionable drug information in real time, so you can focus on execution.
BeforeTime
Your team stays informed immediately when new data emerges or prices change, and you’ll always be the first to know when any changes impact your formulary.
BeforeTime
With InpharmD™, your team can make faster, more informed decisions and move forward with confidence.

What Clinical Pharmacists Are Saying...


     

Assists in our research and is a great way or us to get an answer to a medical question without spending an average of 2 hours researching UptoDate or PubMed ourselves.


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Huge time saver with thorough responses.


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I’d never heard of a DI pharmacist before, now I have one. In. My. Pocket. Amazing!


     

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I just want to say: This is such a brilliant idea! You people are genius.


     

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I can’t tell you how much time I spend literature searching. And how I CANNOT STAND PAYWALLS. THIS IS UNBELIEVABLE!! (covers face for sec) thank you, thank you, thank you!


     

So they’re basically connecting academic researchers with front line providers and then automating everything. It’s simply brilliant.


     

The clinical pharmacist was our secret weapon anyway. (Smiles wryly) This pharmacist AI seems superhuman. I’m just blown away, honestly. (Looks at camera somberly.)


     

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Stop reading and just download the app already! I’ve tried all of them. This is by far the most advanced, best-in-class.


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