InpharmD™





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What is InpharmD™?

Literature searching is tedious. InpharmD™ is here to help.

Clinical pharmacists can ask any question, anytime, from anywhere, and we’ll perform a custom literature search.

(And a 32% chance it’s already been asked.)


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This is how InpharmD™ transforms LITERATURE.

What's Being Asked...

What safety and efficacy evidence is available for use of fluorescein-benoxinate?
Is there any evidence/recommendation to support the use of a second course of Teprotumumab in patients with Graves' o...
Are there any peer reviewed articles to support use of infliximab for Bechet's disease?
What were the safety and efficacy results from the phase II and phase III trials of Suzetrigine?
Is there any medical evidence (decreased LOS, decreased mortality, etc.) from the anti-inflammatory effects of azithr...

What would you like to ask InpharmD™?

InpharmD's Answer GPT's Answer

Author: Brenda Nguyen, PharmD, BCPS + InpharmD™ AI

INTRODUCTION BY INPHARMD™ RESEARCHER

Overall, there is limited high-quality evidence to support the safety and efficacy of fluorescein-benoxinate. For visualization (i.e., tonometry), the use of fluorescein-benoxinate has been found to result in similar intraocular pressure measurements compared to fluorexon-benoxinate, suggesting similar utility. However, fluorexon-benoxinate was found to lead to superior comfort and less burning/stinging compared to fluorescein-benoxinate in one study (see Table 1). In contrast, a separate stu...

A 2014 prospective, single-center study conducted in Sweden evaluated the effects of repeated measurements of intraocular pressure (IOP) using Goldmann applanation tonometry (GAT) and applanation resonance tonometry (ART) in six healthy volunteers. The study also investigated the impact of two topical anesthetics, oxybuprocaine/fluorescein and tetracaine, on IOP and anterior chamber volume (ACV). Participants underwent alternating IOP measurements in both eyes for one hour after instillation of either oxybuprocaine/fluorescein in the right eye or tetracaine in the left. Consecutive series of six IOP measurements per method were performed, and ACV was photographed periodically using Pentacam in the tetracaine-treated eyes. A separate trial was conducted on the same participants to isolate the effect of the anesthetics alone, with identical drop administration but without repeated IOP measurements. [1] The study documented significant reductions in IOP during repeated applanation f...

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A search of the published medical literature revealed 1 study investigating the researchable question:

What safety and efficacy evidence is available for use of fluorescein-benoxinate?

Level of evidence
C - Multiple studies with limitations or conflicting results  

READ MORE→

[1] Jóhannesson G, Hallberg P, Eklund A, Behndig A, Lindén C. Effects of topical anaesthetics and repeated tonometry on intraocular pressure. Acta Ophthalmol. 2014;92(2):111-115. doi:10.1111/aos.12058
[2] Yeung KK, Kageyama JY, Carnevali T. A comparison of Fluoracaine and Fluorox on corneal epithelial cell desquamation after Goldmann Applanation Tonometry. Optometry. 2000;71(1):49-54.
InpharmD's Answer GPT's Answer

Author: Neil Patel, PharmD, BCPS + InpharmD™ AI

INTRODUCTION BY INPHARMD™ RESEARCHER

The recommendation to support the use of a second course of teprotumumab in patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy stems from the OPTIC-X trial, which can be found in Table 1. This trial was supported by Horizon Therapeutics, the manufacturer of teprotumumab. Data evaluating the use of a second course of teprotumumab in patients with Graves’ ophthalmopathy (thyroid eye disease) is largely limited to two studies, one of which is the OPTIC-X trial (see Table 1). In the OPTIC-X trial, it was deter...

A 2024 pooled analysis of long-term outcomes from three clinical trials explored the durability of teprotumumab in individuals with thyroid eye disease (TED). The collective data involved 112 patients who completed seven or eight infusions of teprotumumab within the Phase 2, Phase 3 OPTIC, and OPTIC-X (see Table 1) studies. Clinical endpoints, including a reduction in Clinical Activity Score (CAS) by ≥2 points, improvements in proptosis (≥2 mm reduction), diplopia (≥1 Gorman grade), quality of life (GO-QoL), and overall response (proptosis + CAS improvement), were evaluated over an extended follow-up period. Data were assessed at multiple time points, from the study baseline to week 24 (therapy period) and beyond, with the longest follow-up extending to 99 weeks. Key findings demonstrated a sustained response in inflammatory activity and ophthalmic outcomes, with 91.2% of patients achieving CAS response and 89.5% reporting improvements in the composite European Group of Graves’ Orbi...

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A search of the published medical literature revealed 2 studies investigating the researchable question:

Is there any evidence/recommendation to support the use of a second course of teprotumumab in patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy?

Level of evidence
C - Multiple studies with limitations or conflicting results  

READ MORE→

[1] Kahaly GJ, Subramanian PS, Conrad E, Holt RJ, Smith TJ. Long-Term Efficacy of Teprotumumab in Thyroid Eye Disease: Follow-Up Outcomes in Three Clinical Trials. Thyroid. 2024;34(7):880-889. doi:10.1089/thy.2023.0656
InpharmD's Answer GPT's Answer

Author: Muna Said, PharmD, BCPS + InpharmD™ AI

INTRODUCTION BY INPHARMD™ RESEARCHER

The use of infliximab for the management of Behçet's disease is supported by multiple meta-analyses and clinical trials, as well as an abundance of observational data. Infliximab has been found to help improve symptoms of Behçet's uveitis, neuro-Behçet's, and intestinal Behçet's. American guidelines recommend the use of anti-TNF therapy, with infliximab or adalimumab, as a first- or second-line corticosteroid-sparing therapy for patients with ophthalmic manifestations of Behçet's disease. Inf...

A 2014 guidance statement published by the Executive Committee of the American Uveitis Society provided recommendations for the management of Behçet's disease in uveitis. Based on the available evidence, the expert panel recommends the use of anti-tumor-necrosis factor (anti-TNF) therapy, with infliximab or adalimumab, as a first- or second-line corticosteroid-sparing therapy for patients with ophthalmic manifestations of Behçet's disease. Infliximab may also be considered as a first- or second-line treatment for acute exacerbations of pre-existing Behçet's disease. The use of etanercept may be considered for Behçet's patients with uveitis who are intolerant to infliximab and adalimumab, although the quality of evidence is relatively lower. These recommendations are based on meta-analyses and comparative studies that have demonstrated the efficacy of anti-TNF agents, particularly infliximab, in managing the various manifestations of Behçet's disease. These studies have reported resp...

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A search of the published medical literature revealed 4 studies investigating the researchable question:

Are there any peer reviewed articles to support use of infliximab for Bechet's disease?

Level of evidence
A - Multiple high-quality studies with consistent results  

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[1] Levy-Clarke G, Jabs DA, Read RW, Rosenbaum JT, Vitale A, Van Gelder RN. Expert panel recommendations for the use of anti-tumor necrosis factor biologic agents in patients with ocular inflammatory disorders. Ophthalmology. 2014;121(3):785-96.e3. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2013.09.048
[2] Hatemi G, Christensen R, Bang D, et al. 2018 update of the EULAR recommendations for the management of Behçet's syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis. 2018;77(6):808-818. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-213225
[3] Guan X, Zhao Z, Xin M, Xia G, Yang Q, Fu M. Long-term efficacy, safety, and cumulative retention rate of antitum...
InpharmD's Answer GPT's Answer

Author: Tai Huynh, PharmD, BCPS + InpharmD™ AI

INTRODUCTION BY INPHARMD™ RESEARCHER

Suzetrigine is a novel NaV1.8 receptor inhibitor being studied for pain relief. Because the NaV1.8 receptor is not found in the CNS, it is hypothesized there will be little to no central adverse effects (including abuse/dependence). Preliminary, unpublished results from phase 3 trials generally show suzetrigine to produce greater pain reduction than placebo and comparable pain relief to hydrocodone/acetaminophen following abdominoplasty and bunionectomy. Preliminary data from a phase 2 trial ...

Suzetrigine (also called VX-548) is a selective inhibitor of voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.8 being studied for pain relief. The NaV1.8 receptor holds a role in transmitting nociceptive signals with selective expression in peripheral nociceptive neurons of the dorsal-root ganglia. Because the NaV1.8 receptor and the gene encoding it (SCN10A) are not found in the human brain, it is hypothesized that suzetrigine will not have central nervous system effects (including abuse and dependence potential). [1-4] In July 2022, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) accepted a new drug application (NDA) submission for suzetrigine to treat moderate-to-severe pain with an assigned Prescription Drug User Fee Act (PDUFA) date of January 30, 2025. This comes after submitting two phase 3 results (Table 1) of suzetrigine compared to hydrocodone/acetaminophen and placebo following abdominoplasty and bunionectomy procedures. [3-5] Additional preliminary results were revealed in December 2...

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A search of the published medical literature revealed 2 studies investigating the researchable question:

What were the safety and efficacy results from the phase II and phase III trials of Suzetrigine?

Level of evidence
B - One high-quality study or multiple studies with limitations  

READ MORE→

[1] Hang Kong AY, Tan HS, Habib AS. VX-548 in the treatment of acute pain. Pain Manag. 2024;14(9):477-486. doi:10.1080/17581869.2024.2421749
[2] Oliver B, Devitt C, Park G, Razak A, Liu SM, Bergese SD. Drugs in Development to Manage Acute Pain. Drugs. Published online November 19, 2024. doi:10.1007/s40265-024-02118-0
[3] Vertex Announces FDA Acceptance of New Drug Application for Suzetrigine for the Treatment of Moderate-to-Severe Acute Pain. Press Release Vertex. Published July 30, 2024. Accessed January 10, 2025. https://investors.vrtx.com/news-releases/news-release-details/vertex-annou...
InpharmD's Answer GPT's Answer

Author: Dena Homayounieh, PharmD, BCPS + InpharmD™ AI

INTRODUCTION BY INPHARMD™ RESEARCHER

The clinical effects of azithromycin’s anti-inflammatory properties have yet to be fully evaluated (including in hospitalized patients), as most data used surrogate endpoints. Azithromycin exerts anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting a variety of inflammatory markers, including NF-κB, inflammasome, PLA2, and the ERK1/2 signaling pathway. This modulation suppresses pro-inflammatory gene expression, cytokines, and chemokines, preserving epithelial barrier function and reducing immune cell inf...

Macrolides, as a drug class, appear to exhibit inhibitory activity on various cell-signaling pathways. For azithromycin, various studies have documented activity on NF-κB, inflammasome, PLA2, and ERK 1/2 signaling pathways. When NF-κB is inhibited in alveolar macrophages, there is suppressed induction of pro-inflammatory genes along with cytokines (e.g., TNF-α and IL-1) and chemokine products, which leads to reducing immune cell infiltration, preserving epithelial barrier function, and interfering with the mechanisms that promote immune cell adhesion and migration. Macrolides also reduce the activation of transcription factors AP-1 and NF-κB in airway epithelial cells, which helps to reduce inflammation. PLA2 signals the production of arachidonic acid, eicosanoids, and other cytokine/chemokines within immunomodulating cells. A decrease in PLA2 substrate was observed to promote anti-inflammatory properties in a rat model. ERK 1/2 partly regulates AP-1 activity, which is part of a sig...

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A search of the published medical literature revealed 6 studies investigating the researchable question:

Is there any medical evidence (decreased LOS, decreased mortality, etc.) from the anti-inflammatory effects of azithromycin in hospitalized (with or without COPD) patients?

Level of evidence
C - Multiple studies with limitations or conflicting results  

READ MORE→

[1] Venditto VJ, Haydar D, Abdel-Latif A, et al. Immunomodulatory Effects of Azithromycin Revisited: Potential Applications to COVID-19. Front Immunol. 2021;12:574425. Published 2021 Feb 12. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.574425
[2] Amsden GW. Anti-inflammatory effects of macrolides--an underappreciated benefit in the treatment of community-acquired respiratory tract infections and chronic inflammatory pulmonary conditions?. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2005;55(1):10-21. doi:10.1093/jac/dkh519
[3] Parameswaran GI, Sethi S. Long-term macrolide therapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. CMAJ. 201...

Find answers, not documents.

Before InpharmD™


BeforeTime
Your team spends hours per week cobbling together literature from different studies, many behind paywalls, leaving little time for action.
BeforeTime
TI opportunities are discovered (or presented by third parties) months after the fact, resulting in costly missed savings.
BeforeTime
Decisions may be made without a complete picture, or pushed out while gathering consensus.

After InpharmD™


BeforeTime
InpharmD™ delivers customized, actionable drug information in real time, so you can focus on execution.
BeforeTime
Your team stays informed immediately when new data emerges or prices change, and you’ll always be the first to know when any changes impact your formulary.
BeforeTime
With InpharmD™, your team can make faster, more informed decisions and move forward with confidence.

What Clinical Pharmacists Are Saying...


     

Assists in our research and is a great way or us to get an answer to a medical question without spending an average of 2 hours researching UptoDate or PubMed ourselves.


—   Jordan C., PharmD, New Jersey

     

Huge time saver with thorough responses.


—   Jane D., PharmD, Georgia

     

I’d never heard of a DI pharmacist before, now I have one. In. My. Pocket. Amazing!


     

Holy Shhh. Cow! Holy Cow! These summaries are beautiful.


—   Jane D., PharmD, Georgia

     

I just want to say: This is such a brilliant idea! You people are genius.


     

OH MY GOD WHERE HAVE YOU BEEN ALL MY LIFE!


     

I can’t tell you how much time I spend literature searching. And how I CANNOT STAND PAYWALLS. THIS IS UNBELIEVABLE!! (covers face for sec) thank you, thank you, thank you!


     

So they’re basically connecting academic researchers with front line providers and then automating everything. It’s simply brilliant.


     

The clinical pharmacist was our our secret weapon anyway. (Smiles wryly) This pharmacist AI seems superhuman. I’m just blown away, honestly. (Looks at camera somberly.)


     

It’s an ENTIRE DI DEPARTMENT, that lives in Epic. Give me a second. I’m just having a hard time wrapping my head around that.


     

Sorry just give me a second, my mind is blown.


     

Wow. . Just wow.


     

Answers are evidence based and help me make clinical decisions. Quick turn around time for some urgent questions.


     

Was bragging about you and your outstanding business the other day while on vacation. I recently used your service and was blown away at how fast and thorough I got your response


     

It would be helpful to provide a discussion of the questions frequently submitted to InpharmD. Other than that it is excellent, please keep it up!


     

A must have resource for evidence based medicine!


     

All information provided is up to date.


     

Provides a good summary of information with citations.


     

Answers clinically relevant questions with quick responses.


     

The review of evidence provided is excellent.


     

I find the vaccination guideline information the most useful.


     

The tables provided from the studies used to formulate the responses are very helpful for review.


     

It is helpful that InpharmD provides indications to treat adverse effects of various drugs in similar classes.


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